>[!abstract] >a transdisciplinary field of research that applies mathematical modeling, complexity theory, and massive, longitudinal databases to study historical processes, particularly the rise and fall of empires, political instability, and social evolution. Pioneered by Peter Turchin, it treats history as a science to identify recurring, quantitative patterns in human societies. >[!related] >- **North** (upstream): — >- **West** (similar): — >- **East** (different): — >- **South** (downstream): —