>[!abstract] >Doughnut economics, developed by Kate Raworth, is a framework for sustainable development that envisions a safe and just space for humanity between two concentric boundaries. The inner ring represents the social foundation — minimum standards for human well-being such as food, health, education, and equity — below which people fall into deprivation. The outer ring represents the ecological ceiling, defined by planetary boundaries beyond which human activity destabilizes Earth’s systems. The "doughnut" in between is the space where both human needs and environmental sustainability are met, offering an alternative to growth-driven economics by prioritizing balance and regenerative design. ![[includes/assets/doughnut+economics-1.jpg]] >[!related] >- **North** (upstream): [[Sustainability economics]] >- **West** (similar): [[Planetary boundaries]] (Rockström’s framework for ecological thresholds) >- **East** (different): [[Neoclassical growth economics]] (focus on GDP growth, assuming limited environmental constraints) >- **South** (downstream): [[Social foundation indicators]] (e.g., health, education, equity, housing, food security — the “inner ring” of the doughnut)