>[!citation] >Dunning-Davies, J., & Norman, R. (2020). Deductions from the quaternion form of Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations. *Journal of Modern Physics*, 11(9), 1361–1371. https://doi.org/n4kc >[!abstract] >It is often claimed that Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations were originally written in terms of quaternions. Once returned to that form and treated with left and right hand operators as in the mathematics of P. M. Jack, a new seventh scalar electromagnetic field component emerges with possible relations to clean energy extraction and gravitation. It is the purpose here to examine this approach afresh and see how it might link up with other fairly recent, but little known, work in the field. Again, as with the usual form of Maxwell’s equations, a new scalar wave equation is derived but, on this occasion, due to the presence of the scalar component of the quaternion, that equation exhibits a wave speed [[Faster-than-light|greater than the speed of light]]. Historical and present uses within military and humanitarian contexts are considered briefly (Dunning-Davies & Norman, 2020). >[!tip] Significance >This paper revisits James Maxwell's original formulation of electromagnetic theory using quaternions, a mathematical system that extends complex numbers. In modern physics, Maxwell's equations are typically expressed using vector calculus, which may overlook certain components present in the quaternion representation. > >By re-examining Maxwell's equations in their quaternion form, the authors identify an additional scalar component—essentially an extra term—that doesn't appear in the standard vector-based equations. This newfound component leads to the derivation of a scalar wave equation, which intriguingly suggests the existence of wave phenomena traveling faster than the speed of light. > >While this might seem to challenge established physical laws, the authors propose that such superluminal (faster-than-light) waves could have practical implications, potentially offering insights and groundbreaking advancements into clean energy extraction and even gravity.